2. Asymmetric Encryption: It involves the use of a key pair consisting of a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption, providing secure communication without the need for key exchange.
3. Hash Functions: They generate a fixed-size output, or hash, from any input, ensuring data integrity and allowing verification of message authenticity.
4. Digital Signatures: They use asymmetric encryption to provide authentication and integrity of digital documents, ensuring that the sender's identity is verified and the content remains unaltered.
5. Public Key Infrastructure (PKI): It is a system that manages digital certificates and public-private key pairs, facilitating secure communication, authentication, and data encryption.
6. Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC): It offers strong security with shorter key lengths compared to traditional encryption algorithms, making it suitable for resource-constrained environments.
7. Quantum Cryptography: It leverages principles of quantum mechanics to secure communication channels, providing protection against eavesdropping and ensuring key exchange integrity.